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Your search term(s) "nephrotic syndrome" returned 13 results.
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Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome. Bethesda, MD: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 2008. 6 p.
The nephrotic syndrome is a group of symptoms that can be the first sign of a disease that damages the tiny blood-filtering units called glomeruli in the kidneys, where urine is made. Written in nontechnical language, this fact sheet presents an overview of childhood nephrotic syndrome. Topics include the symptoms of the nephrotic syndrome; diagnostic tests that may be done to confirm the condition; other conditions that are associated with childhood nephrotic syndrome, such as minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; and treatment strategies for these conditions. Childhood nephrotic syndrome is most common between the ages of 18 months and 5 years. Nephrotic syndrome causes proteinuria, low levels of protein in the blood, less frequent urination, and swelling and weight gain from the buildup of fluid. Diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome requires urine and blood samples and may include a kidney biopsy. The fact sheet concludes with a brief summary of relevant research studies, a list of resource organizations for readers wanting additional information, and a brief description of the activities of the National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NIKUDIC). 1 figure. 3 references.
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Diagnosis of Medical Renal Diseases. IN: Tanagho, E.; McAninch, J., eds. Smith’s General Urology. 17th ed. Columbus, OH: McGraw Hill. 2008. pp 521-530.
This chapter about the diagnosis of medical renal diseases is from an updated edition of a comprehensive textbook about urology that offers an overview of the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders common to the genitourinary tract. The authors note that hematuria, proteinuria, pyuria, oliguria, polyuria, pain, renal insufficiency with azotemia, acidosis, anemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and hypertension may occur in a wide variety of disorders affecting any portion of the parenchyma of the kidney, the blood vessels, or the excretory tract. The workup of any patient with a possible renal disease should include a complete medical history and physical examination, a thorough examination of the urine, and blood and urine chemistry examinations as indicated. Specific diseases covered include glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, renal involvement in collagen diseases, diseases of the renal tubules and interstitium, hereditary renal diseases, anomalies of the proximal tubule, anomalies of the distal tubule, and unspecified renal tubular abnormalities. Renal biopsy may be indicated, in addition to helping with diagnosis, to determine prognosis; to follow progression of a lesion and response to treatment; to confirm the presence of a generalized disease, such as an autoimmune disorder, amyloidosis, or sarcoidosis; and to diagnose renal dysfunction in a transplanted kidney. 24 references.
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Glomerular Disease. IN: Nilsson, K.R.; Piccini, J.P., eds. Osler Medical Handbook. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders. 2006. pp. 719-730.
This chapter on glomerular disease is from a handbook that provides the essentials of diagnosis and treatment, as well as the latest in evidence-based medicine, for residents working bedside, in-patient care. The chapter begins with a presentation of essential Fast Facts and concludes with Pearls and Pitfalls useful to the practicing internist. The body of the chapter is divided into sections: Epidemiology, Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management. Specific topics covered in this chapter include the role of glomerulonephritis as a cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD); nephritic syndrome, which is characterized by red blood cells and casts on urine microscopy, hypertension, renal insufficiency, mild proteinuria, and edema; nephrotic syndrome, which is characterized by more than 3 grams of proteinuria per day, low serum albumin, edema, and dyslipidemia; membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; diagnostic strategies that include seeking secondary causes of glomerular disease, which include HIV and hepatitis; the treatment of primary glomerular disease, which can include steroids and cytotoxic agents; the use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs to reduce proteinuria and prevent further decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in patients with glomerular disease; and the use of antihypertensive agents, cholesterol-lowering agents, and sodium restriction and diuretics in these patients. The chapter concludes with a list of references, each labeled with a 'strength of evidence' grade to help readers determine the type of research available in that reference source. 2 figures. 1 table. 19 references.
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Kidney Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Global Perspective of Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA. 2006. 266 p.
This textbook presents a global perspective of clinical practice regarding kidney disorders in children and adolescents. The book emphasizes diagnosis and treatment, rather than etiology, pathology, and pathogenesis, which are covered in other textbooks. The text includes 22 chapters: normal kidney function and development and the choice of laboratory studies in children; radiographic studies in children with kidney disorders; congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract; neonatal kidney problems; mass screening for kidney disease in children; hematuria and proteinuria; the nephrotic syndrome; acute nephritis; chronic nephritis in children, particularly IgA nephropathy; the evaluation, monitoring, and therapy of hypertension; cardiovascular disease in patients with kidney disorders in childhood and adolescence; urinary tract infections and vesicoureteral reflux in children; nocturnal enuresis and voiding disorders; renal tubular disorders; acute renal failure and hemolytic uremic syndrome; chronic renal failure and dialysis options; the effects of kidney disorders on the endocrine system; nutritional and growth aspects of the care of children with kidney disease; immunization and anti-microbial therapy for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD); the social and developmental consequences of chronic kidney disease in children; renal transplantation in childhood; and the transition of children with renal diseases into adulthood. Each chapter includes black-and-white illustrations and photographs and concludes with an extensive list of references. The textbook begins with a section of full-color plates and concludes with a detailed subject index.
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Nephrotic Syndrome after Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: Do Glomerular Lesions Represent Renal Graft-versus-Host Disease?. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1(4): 685-694. July 2006.
Glomerular disease associated with nephrotic syndrome has rarely been recognized as a distinct complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. This review article considers whether these glomerular lesions represent renal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Case reports in the English and Japanese literature since 1988 have described variable glomerular histology, comprising mainly membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) in almost two thirds and minimal change disease (MCD) in nearly one quarter of patients. The authors found a close temporal relationship between the development of nephrotic syndrome shortly after cessation of immunosuppression and the diagnosis of chronic GVHD. An association of glomerular disease with simultaneous GVD was seen in 47 percent of patients overall. Nephrotic syndrome followed GVHD within 5 months in 60 percent of the combined MCD and MGN reports. A decrease in immunosuppressive medication use was linked to nephrotic syndrome occurrence within 9 months in 63 percent of patients with MCD and MGN. MCD occurred earlier after hematopoietic cell transplantation, was diagnosed sooner after medication change, and exhibited a better prognosis in comparison with MGN. The authors conclude that glomerular lesions after hematopoietic cell transplantation may therefore represent the kidney manifestation of GVHD. 1 figure. 2 tables. 67 references.
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Nephrotic Syndrome. IN: Hogg, R., ed. Kidney Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Global Perspective of Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA. 2006. pp 85-94.
This chapter about the nephrotic syndrome is from a textbook that presents a global perspective of clinical practice regarding kidney disorders in children and adolescents. The authors define the nephrotic syndrome as a clinical entity characterized by massive urinary protein losses, resulting in hypoalbuminemia and usually associated with edema formation. They review the clinical features; laboratory findings; pathogenesis of edema formation; definitions; classification; idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS); initial treatment; treatment of relapse; treatment of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome; alternative forms of therapy for INS; and complications of the nephrotic syndrome, including abnormalities in lipid metabolism, bacterial infections, viral infections, thromboembolic complications, loss of vitamins and hormones in the urine, and acute renal failure (ARF). 2 tables. 27 references.
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Radiographic Studies in Children With Kidney Disorders: What to Do and When. IN: Hogg, R., ed. Kidney Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Global Perspective of Clinical Practice. New York, NY: Informa Healthcare USA. 2006. pp 15-34.
This chapter about radiographic studies is from a textbook that presents a global perspective of clinical practice regarding kidney disorders in children and adolescents. The authors provide a description of standard imaging methods that are used to evaluate children with nephro-urologic disorders, and provide some practical imaging algorithms to assist readers in typical pediatric clinical presentations. They focus on the impact of imaging on patient management and prognosis. Specific imaging modalities discussed include ultrasound studies, plain film of the kidney, ureters, and bladder (KUB), intravenous urography, and voiding cystourography (VCUG); other studies covered are isotope studies of the urinary tract, computerized tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and angiography and interventional procedures. The latter half of the chapter offers suggestions for diagnostic algorithms in pediatric nephro-urologic disorders, including congenital hydronephrosis or uropathy, other congenital urinary tract malformations, screening, urinary tract infection, functional disorders such as bladder-sphincter dysfunction, hematuria, proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, renal parenchymal disease, renal failure, renal hypertension, palpable or suspected tumor, complicated renal cysts, renal transplant, and neonatal imaging. The chapter includes black-and-white illustrations and photographs and concludes with an extensive list of references. 7 figures. 48 references.
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Nephrotic Syndrome in Children. Indian Journal of Medical Research. 122(1): 13-28. July 2005.
Nephrotic syndrome is a common chronic disorder in children, characterized by changes of permselectivity at the glomerular capillary wall in the kidneys, resulting in the inability to restrict the urinary loss of protein. This article reviews nephrotic syndrome in children, including pathogenesis, complications, drug therapy, steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS), and outcome. Patients with nephrotic syndrome are at risk for life threatening infections and thromboembolic episodes. Long term effects of persistent hyperlipidemia (high levels of fats in the blood) and prolonged steroid therapy are increasingly recognized. Remission of proteinuria (protein in the urine) following corticosteroid therapy has greater prognostic value, in relation to long term outcome, than does the precise renal history. Prolonged duration of therapy for the child's initial episode results in sustained remission and reduced frequency of relapses. Treatment with levamisole, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil is beneficial in a variable proportion of patients with frequent relapses or steroid dependence. The management of SRNS is difficult; most patients who fail to achieve remission show progressive kidney damage. Reduction of proteinuria is also possible, in children, using ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. 2 figures. 5 tables. 90 references.
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Understanding Conditions That Lead to Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Beginnings. 4(4): 6-7, 22. Special Edition 2005.
This article familiarizes readers with some of the conditions and diseases that can eventually lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). The author focuses primarily on diabetes mellitus and hypertension (high blood pressure). Of all the patients who experience kidney failure, 43.5 percent have diabetes and 26.5 percent have high blood pressure. High blood glucose levels associated with diabetes can disrupt the structure and function of blood vessels, including those that are involved in the filtration system of the kidneys. Damaged kidneys do not do a good job of cleaning out the body’s waste and extra fluids. Readers are advised to keep their blood glucose and blood pressure levels as close to normal as possible. Other conditions briefly discussed are glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Readers are referred to a booklet available from the American Association of Kidney Patients (AAKP) for more information (800-749-2257).
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Glomerular Permeability Activity: Prevalence and Prognostic Value in Pediatric Patients with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 44(4): 604-610. October 2004.
This article reports on a study of kidney glomerular permeability activity and how it can be used in the care of pediatric patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS), a condition characterized by fluid accumulation (edema), proteinuria (protein in the urine), hypoalbuminemia (reduced protein levels in the blood), and susceptibility to infections. A circulating factor that increases in vitro glomerular permeability to albumin (P-alb) has been isolated from patients with recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in their renal allografts (kidney transplant). The authors determined the P-alb activity level in sera from 26 children with new-onset INS before the initiation of therapy. The authors also collected demographic information, serum albumin and cholesterol concentrations, calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR, a measure of kidney function), age at disease onset, response to corticosteroid treatment, and long-term outcome. Patients ranged in age from 2 to 18 years and 19 patients (73 percent) were male. P-alb in patients with a steroid-responsive course (n=17) did not differ from that of patients with steroid-resistant disease (n=9). The authors conclude that permeability activity, defined as P-alb greater than 0.5, is present in pretreatment serum samples from nearly half the children with INS. However, the presence of permeability activity does not predict clinical response to steroid treatment, renal histopathologic characteristics, or clinical outcome at up to 5 years of follow-up. 1 figure. 1 table. 45 references.
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