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Botanical and Nonbotanical CAM Supplements That May Treat Complications of Diabetes. IN: Shane-McWhorter, L. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People With Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2007. pp 111-156.
This chapter about botanical and nonbotanical supplements used for the complications of diabetes is from a book that informs health care professionals about some of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements that are commonly used by people with diabetes. The book includes in-depth descriptions of botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements to treat diabetes, tables summarizing supplements and therapies, a review of the clinical studies and chemical constituents for each supplement, and advice for diabetes clinicians. In this chapter, the author discusses the supplements that may be used by patients in the hope of preventing or treating diabetes-related complications––alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin E, gamma-linolenic acid, ginkgo, fish oil, policosanal, garlic, guggul, red yeast rice, and St. John’s wort. For each supplement, the author provides an introduction, a discussion of the chemical constituents and mechanism of action, a description of the adverse effects and drug interactions, a brief review of any clinical studies available, and a summary. A table collates the information in this section. 1 table.
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Botanical CAM Supplements to Treat Diabetes. IN: Shane-McWhorter, L. Complementary And Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People With Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2007. pp 15-86.
This chapter about botanical supplements is from a book that informs health care professionals about some of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements commonly used by people with diabetes. The book includes in-depth descriptions of botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements to treat diabetes, tables summarizing supplements and therapies, a review of the clinical studies and chemical constituents for each supplement, and advice for diabetes clinicians. The botanical CAM supplements covered in this chapter are cinnamon, gymnema, fenugreek, bitter melon, Asian ginseng, American ginseng, nopal, aloe, banaba, caiapo, ivy gourd, holy basil, vijayasar, jambolan, blond psyllium, glucomannan, guar gum, stevia, pine bark extract, tea, bilberry, and milk thistle. For each supplement, the author provides an introduction, a discussion of the chemical constituents and mechanism of action, a description of the adverse effects and drug interactions, a brief review of any clinical studies available, and a summary. A table collates the information in this section. 1 table.
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Closing Comments and Advice for Clinicians. IN: Shane-McWhorter, L. Complementary And Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People With Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2007. pp 161-166.
This chapter is the concluding entry in a book that informs health care professionals about some of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements that are commonly used by people with diabetes. The book includes in-depth descriptions of botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements to treat diabetes, tables summarizing supplements and therapies, a review of the clinical studies and chemical constituents for each supplement, and advice for diabetes clinicians. In this chapter, the author offers closing comments and advice for clinicians, who may be asked to serve as a resource for diabetes patients who are interested in using CAM therapies. The author advocates an open-minded, yet evidence-based approach. Readers are reminded that patients with diabetes who are considering use of CAM supplements are likely to be active participants in their own health care and motivated to find and use effective treatments, whether alternative or traditional. A discussion of regulation and manufacturing issues is important to discourage the use of dangerous or ineffective products. Readers and their patients are referred to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website that provides information for supplement users (www.cfsan.fda.gov). The chapter includes a case example of a postmenopausal woman with diabetes who has retinopathy and peripheral neuropathy who asks her clinician about using CAM supplements.
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Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People with Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2007. 212 p.
This book informs health care professionals about some of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements that are commonly used by people with diabetes. The book includes in-depth descriptions of botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements to treat diabetes, tables summarizing supplements and therapies, a review of the clinical studies and chemical constituents for each supplement, and advice for diabetes clinicians. The botanical CAM supplements covered include cinnamon, gymnema, fenugreek, bitter melon, Asian ginseng, American ginseng, nopal, aloe, banaba, caiapo, ivy gourd, holy basil, vijayasar, jambolan, blond psyllium, glucomannan, guar gum, stevia, pine bark extract, tea, bilberry, and milk thistle. Nonbotanical CAM supplements used to treat diabetes are discussed, including chromium, vanadium, nicotinamide, magnesium, and coenzyme Q10. The book reviews botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements that may treat complications of diabetes, including alpha-lipoic acid, vitamin E, gamma-linolenic acid, ginkgo, fish oil, policosanal, garlic, guggul, red yeast rice, and St. John's wort. The book concludes with a list of references, a bibliography and list of useful websites for clinicians, and a subject index. 3 tables. 378 references.
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Complimentary and Alternative Medicine Use in Diabetes. Practical Diabetology. 26(2): 24-26. June 2007.
This article reviews some complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches used to treat diabetes. The author notes that many individuals with chronic diseases such as diabetes seek CAMs to manage their illness. The author discusses five of the most common supplements and treatment modalities used by people with diabetes: chromium picolinate, gymnema, fenugreek, garlic, and meditation, yoga, and prayer. The author cautions that although many of the CAM modalities mentioned have been researched, few studies have shown scientific evidence of effectiveness or have explored the potential side effects of CAMs. Health care providers are encouraged to keep an open communication with patients, to help patients think objectively about any CAM approach they are considering. An open and inviting health care environment can help patients feel comfortable revealing detailed information about their health and all medications they are taking, both prescribed and non-prescribed. 1 table. 8 references.
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Introduction to Complementary And Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People With Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. IN: Shane-McWhorter, L. Complementary And Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People With Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2007. pp 1-14.
This introductory section is from a handbook that informs health care professionals about some of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements that are commonly used by people with diabetes. The book includes in-depth descriptions of botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements to treat diabetes, tables summarizing supplements and therapies, a review of the clinical studies and chemical constituents for each supplement, and advice for diabetes clinicians. The introduction helps readers define CAM compared with dietary supplements and outlines reasons for concern regarding CAM supplement use, the epidemiology of CAM supplement use, regulation of CAM supplements, testing CAM supplements, evaluating claims from manufacturers of dietary supplements, and the CAM supplements used for diabetes and its complications. Specific concerns about the use of CAM supplements discussed include potential drug interaction, untoward reactions during surgery, product variability, the lack of standardization, misidentification and mislabeling, product labeling, clinical studies of CAM supplements, and cost issues. Readers are referred to the websites of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (www.cfsan.fda.gov) for more information for themselves and their patients.
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Nonbotanical CAM Supplements to Treat Diabetes. IN: Shane-McWhorter, L. Complementary And Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People With Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2007. pp 87-110.
This chapter about nonbotanical supplements is from a book that informs health care professionals about some of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements commonly used by people with diabetes. The book includes in-depth descriptions of botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements to treat diabetes, tables summarizing supplements and therapies, a review of the clinical studies and chemical constituents for each supplement, and advice for diabetes clinicians. The nonbotanical CAM supplements discussed are chromium, vanadium, nicotinamide, magnesium, and coenzyme Q10. For each supplement, the author provides an introduction, a discussion of the chemical constituents and mechanism of action, a description of the adverse effects and drug interactions, a brief review of any clinical studies available, and a summary. A table collates the information in this section. 1 table.
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Other CAM Products. IN: Shane-McWhorter, L. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Supplement Use in People With Diabetes: A Clinician's Guide. Alexandria, VA: American Diabetes Association. 2007. pp 157-160.
This chapter about miscellaneous supplements is from a book that informs health care professionals about some of the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) supplements that are commonly used by people with diabetes. The book includes in-depth descriptions of botanical and nonbotanical CAM supplements to treat diabetes, tables summarizing supplements and therapies, a review of the clinical studies and chemical constituents for each supplement, and advice for diabetes clinicians. In this chapter, the author briefly discusses the supplements that may be used by patients in the hope of preventing or treating diabetes and its complications and that were not covered in the other chapters. The author mentions a few products: L-carnitine, dark chocolate, and hoodia. Readers are reminded American Diabetes Association (ADA) statement about unproven therapies, which acknowledges the widespread use of alternative therapies and the need for cautious evaluation of these products.
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Antidiabetic Plants in Mexico and Central America. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 179-194.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors discuss antidiabetic plants in Mexico and Central America. A lengthy chart lists the 175 antidiabetic plants more used empirically for diabetes control in Mexico and Central America; 23 species are used in two or more countries of the region. For each plant listed, the table includes information about the botanical family, scientific name, most used popular name in Mexico or Central America, part used, manner of preparation, and number of bibliographic references indicating that each plant has potential antidiabetic effects. The authors note that people in this region likely use more than 300 different species, not just the 175 species listed in the chapter’s table. For more than 80 of these plants, experimental studies have been carried out and hypoglycemic effects have been detected in about 50 percent of the plants. The authors conclude by calling for further experiments to develop new medicines and phytomedicines to treat diabetes and to reduce the economic and social cost of medicine for this condition and its complications. 1 table. 56 references.
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Antidiabetic Plants in North Africa and the Middle East. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 221-242.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors describe antidiabetic plants of North Africa and the Middle East. The authors note that these regions have a rich traditional antidiabetic pharmacopoeia that includes over 130 plant species. They summarize these drugs in a table. The authors selected 12 of these plants on the basis of citation frequency in book chapters and review articles. Each of these plants has been the object of three or more published scientific studies. The authors summarize these 12 plants in alphabetical order. They conclude that much research is still needed to ascertain the antidiabetic potential of these plants, to determine their active principles, and to elucidate their modes of action. Of all the plants described here, fenugreek, momordica, onion, and garlic appear to be the safest and have the most scientific evidence supporting their antidiabetic potential. 1 table. 204 references.
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Antidiabetic Plants in the Caribbean. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 195-202.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors describe antidiabetic plants in the Caribbean. Traditional plant remedies in the Caribbean are known as bushteas or bushmedicines, and they are particularly common in communities with limited access to formal health care. The authors caution that most medicinal plants in the region occur widely dispersed as weeds and are known primarily by the local common names preserved by the oral tradition. Confusion can arise in attempting to identify a particularly plant, particularly when the same name is given to two or more different plants. The authors discuss food consumption in the Caribbean, the traditional herbal remedies, and suggested future directions. One chart summarizes the antidiabetes plants in the Caribbean, including the plant’s Latin name, common name, and part used. 1 table. 48 references.
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Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. 314 p.
This textbook on antidiabetic plants is from a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. The series is designed to provide academia, health sciences, and the herbal medicines industry with in-depth coverage of the herbal remedies for infectious diseases and certain medical conditions, and the plant medicines of a particular country. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. The book offers 16 chapters that cover an introduction to diabetes mellitus; plants used in the treatment of diabetes; preclinical and clinical methods for evaluating the antidiabetic activity of plants; in vitro models for assessing antidiabetic activity; Ayurvedic, Siddha, and tribal medicine; traditional Chinese and Kampo medicines; treating non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus from a Western herbalist’s perspective; Native American medicine; antidiabetic plants in Mexico and Central America; antidiabetic plants in the Caribbean; management of diabetes in African traditional medicine; antidiabetic plants of North Africa and the Middle East; Australian and New Zealand plants with antidiabetic properties; plant polysaccharides in the prevention and treatment of diabetes; saponins; and flavinoids, xanthones, and other antioxidant polyphenols. Each chapter concludes with a lengthy list of references, and a detailed subject index concludes the volume.
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Association Between Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use, Preventive Care Practices, and Use of Conventional Medical Services Among Adults with Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 29(1): 15-19. January 2006.
There is an idea among practitioners of conventional medicine that patients who use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) are less likely to use conventional medical services. This article reports on a study undertaken to asses the association between CAM use, preventive care practices, and use of conventional medical services among adults with diabetes. The authors report on data from 2,474 adults with diabetes, using an overall CAM-use category based on use of any of the following: diets, herbs, chiropractic care, yoga, relaxation, acupuncture, ayuverda, biofeedback, chelation, energy healing, Reiki therapy, hypnosis, massage, naturopathy, and homeopathy. Results showed that a total of 48 percent of adults with diabetes used some form of CAM. CAM use was independently associated with receipt of pneumonia vaccination but not significantly associated with receipt of influenza vaccination. CAM use was independently associated with visiting the emergency room, having six or more primary care visits, and having eight or more primary care visits. The authors conclude that CAM use may not be a barrier to use of conventional medical services in adults with diabetes. 3 tables. 23 references.
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Australian and New Zealand Plants with Antidiabetic Properties. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 243-256.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the author describes Australian and New Zealand plants with antidiabetic properties. The author first reviews the geographic development of Australia and New Zealand, the indigenous people of these countries, and issues of Aboriginal health, including attitude to illness and epidemiology of diabetes. The chapter discusses two types of plants: plants included in traditional Aboriginal pharmacopoeias now known to exhibit hypoglycemic activity and Australian plant genera related to species with proven hypoglycemic activity but used in other parts of the world. The author concludes that remarkably little is known about Australian plants with antidiabetic properties and even less is known about the traditional use of these by the Aboriginal people. 1 figure. 1 table. 87 references.
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Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Tribal Medicine. IN: Menon, V.P.; Stanley Mainzen Prince, P. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 117-134.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors discuss Ayurvedic, Siddha, and tribal medicine of India. The authors describe the Indian medical tradition as having two levels: the classical system, which includes Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani traditions and is characterized by institutionally trained doctors and well-developed theories to support its practices; and the folk system, called Lok Parampara, which is an oral tradition passed on from parent to child that includes knowledge and beliefs regarding foods, knowledge of diagnostic procedures and prevention measures, and the use of yoga and physical practices for disease prevention. The authors focus on six plants from these traditions: Syzigium cumini, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum, Momordica charantia, Gymnema sylvestre, and Pterocarpus marsupium. For each plant, they discuss the phytochemical factors, concluding that because diabetes is a multifunctional defect, care must be taken before administering any drugs, including plant-based agents. 142 references.
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Biological Complementary Therapies in Diabetes. IN: Mensing, C., ed. Art and Science of Diabetes Self-Management Education. Chicago, IL: American Association of Diabetes Educators. pp. 432-460.
Along with traditional medications, some people with diabetes have turned to use of nontraditional therapies, including complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). CAM therapies can include acupuncture, relaxation techniques, massage, chiropractic, and spiritual healing, as well as consumption of herbal medicine and megavitamins. This chapter on the use of biological complementary therapies in diabetes is from a comprehensive text that serves as a resource for all health professionals, community professionals, and individuals who provide education to individuals with diabetes. The authors note that many people with diabetes use dietary supplements to lower blood glucose or treat diabetes-related complications. However, there are concerns with the use of biological complementary therapies, including various, unregulated chemical ingredients and varying theorized mechanisms of action. As with other pharmacologically active agents, CAM therapies may produce side effects and drug interactions. Specific products discussed include: cinnamon, gymnema, fenugreek, bitter melon, ginseng, nopal, aloe vera, banaba, caiapo, bilberry, milk thistle, chromium, vanadium, garlic, St. John’s wort, and nicotinamide. Those involved in diabetes care and education should develop a clear understanding of biological complementary therapies to be able to provide unbiased, nonjudgemental information to patients about these therapies. The chapter includes a list of key points, a summary of teaching strategies, case studies, suggested Internet resources, a glossary of key terms, and a list of references. 3 tables. 157 references.
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Can Medication Help?. IN: Prediabetes Wake-Up Call: A Personal Road Map to Prevent Diabetes. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses Press. 2006. pp. 126-138.
This chapter on drug therapy is from a book about prediabetes, also called the metabolic syndrome. Written in non-technical language to help readers prevent or delay their progression to diabetes, the book uses a road map and automobile analogy to explain the strategies they can take to better health. In this chapter, the author describes the use of medications to help lower the risk of developing diabetes. There are glucose-lowering medications for people with diabetes which can work by helping the pancreas release more insulin, making the cells more sensitive to insulin, reducing the amount of glucose made by the liver, blocking digestion of carbohydrates or fat, or substituting for human insulin to help the cells use glucose. The author also outlines non-diabetes medications that may be useful, including anti-hypertensive agents or cholesterol-lowering drugs. Vitamin, mineral, and herbal supplements may also be used; the author outlines some of the studies on these alternative therapies, commenting on benefits, efficacy, and side effects reported. Readers are encouraged to work closely in tandem with their health care providers and to become an active, educated member of their own health care team. The author uses conversational language, with true stories and personal examples, and questions for consideration at the end of the chapter. 2 tables.
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Diabetes in Culturally Diverse Populations: Facing the Challenge in Clinical Practice. IN: Beaser, R.S., ed. Joslin’s Diabetes Deskbook: A Guide For Primary Care Providers. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Joslin Diabetes Center. 2006. pp 663-682.
This chapter on diabetes in culturally diverse populations is from a book that gives primary care providers a comprehensive overview of diabetes care. The objective of this chapter is to raise awareness among health care providers about the most common biological, social, and cultural factors that may influence the development of type 2 diabetes, progression of the disease, and adherence to treatment plans in patients from culturally diverse populations. The author stresses that identifying these elements is the first step toward developing effective clinical practice strategies. The chapter covers the role of genetics versus culture in the development of type 2 diabetes, biological factors, environmental or acquired factors, diabetes-related complications, social and cultural factors, acculturation, body image, cultural awareness, depression, educational level, fears, general family integration and support, health literacy, individual and social interaction, judgment and belief about the disease, knowledge about the disease, language, myths, nutritional preferences, the use of alternative medicine, physical activity, quality of life, religion and faith, and socioeconomic factors. The author concludes that improving health care providers’ cultural competence may help improve the quality of care provided to minority groups and may ultimately help reduce disparities in the delivery of health care. Increased cultural competence may also improve patient-provider trust and communication, as well as help patients adhere to prevention and treatment plans. 2 tables.
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Flavonoids, Xanthones, and Other Antioxidant Polyphenols. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 293-304.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors describe flavinoids, xanthones, and other antioxidant polyphenols, naturally occurring compounds that can improve oxidative status, protect and enhance endogenous defenses, and directly mediate various mechanisms of pathology. After providing an overview of the role of oxidative stress in diabetes and its complications, the authors review current data linking antioxidant polyphenols and diabetes. The authors discuss the implications for understanding traditional uses of plants and their potential application in addressing contemporary diabetes problems. They conclude by calling for pharmacological screening that characterizes current research on plant antioxidants, which should be extended to a greater number of medicines and traditional foods. 6 figures. 92 references.
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In Vitro Models for Assessing Antidiabetic Activity. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 99-116.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors review in vitro models for assessing antidiabetic activity. After a discussion of the rationale between the in vitro models used in diabetes research, they cover those models used to study inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, to study inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake, to study insulin secretion from beta cells of the pancreas, those models based on the liver as an insulin target tissue, on adipocytes as an insulin target tissue, and on muscle as an insulin target tissue. Other sections cover interactions with the insulin receptor, glucagon receptor antagonists, potential interferents in plant extracts, solubilizing plant extracts for in vitro studies, and the use of an alternative glucose substrate for in vitro uptake studies. The authors conclude that in vitro tests offer a number of significant advantages for research on antidiabetic plants. A wide range of tests is available, based on various mechanisms that would alleviate hyperglycemia in diabetes. Multiple mechanisms and active components are possible in antidiabetic plants. 120 references.
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Introduction to Diabetes Mellitus. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 1-18.
This introductory chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this introductory chapter, the author reviews the physiology and pathology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Topics include the physiological actions of insulin on glucose metabolism, on fat metabolism, and on protein metabolism; the physiological actions of glucagon; the molecular mechanisms of insulin action; classification of diabetes; clinical presentation and disease mechanisms in diabetes; the long-term complications of diabetes; the global burden of diabetes and ethnicity; diabetes treatment options that delay gastric emptying, reduce absorption of carbohydrate, increase pancreatic insulin secretion, reduce hepatic glucose output, increase insulin sensitivity, and alter renal glucose handling; weight loss and exercise; and challenges in patient care management. 5 figures. 3 tables. 85 references.
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Management of Diabetes in African Traditional Medicine. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 203-120.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors describe the management of diabetes in African traditional medicine. The authors caution that phytochemical information is unavailable on the active constituents of many of the plants used in African traditional medicine. The authors discuss 19 families of plants, noting for each the Latin name, African name, description and distribution, and pharmacognosy. They note that, of the most popular plants growing in Asia and Africa, Gymnema sylvestre and Momordica species, have been found in various studies to be of benefit when used as adjunct therapy in type 2 diabetes. The authors conclude that, in most cases, these plants are cheap and easily accessible and should be promoted as part of the global strategy to combat diabetes once additional data supporting their use are available. 71 references.
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Native American Medicine. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 169-178.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors present Native American medicine, focusing on the rise in prevalence of type 2 diabetes among Native Americans and the plants used to treat diabetes in North America. The bulk of the chapter consists of a chart of plants, including the plant’s Latin name, common name, part used, cultural affiliation, and reference that comments on the use of the plant. The authors conclude that new approaches are needed to slow the sharp rise in the incidence of diabetes among Native Americans. Several factors have been identified as playing contributing roles in the increase of diabetes, but dietary changes appear to be the most important influence. The reincorporation of traditional plant foods into the diet may help to reduce the incidence of diabetes because they may contain a number of beneficial phytochemicals. 3 tables. 54 references.
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Plant Polysaccharides in the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 257-272.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors describe the use of plant polysaccharides in the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Dietary polysaccharides are high molecular weight compounds with complex structures and properties. The author defines polysaccharides, examines the role of starch, and considers factors affecting the glycemic response to food, including the glycemic index and diabetes, the role of water-soluble nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), and the mechanisms of action of viscous polysaccharides. As part of the intact plant cell wall, NSPs will affect the way in which the available carbohydrate is released from plant cells. Plant polysaccharide extracts that form viscous solutions in water have specific effects in reducing postprandial blood glucose. When added to foods, these soluble NSPs will reduce the glycemic index of carbohydrate-containing foods. A final section discusses new sources of plant polysaccharides. 3 figures. 1 table. 54 references.
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Plants Used in the Treatment of Diabetes. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 19-82.
This lengthy chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors review the plants used in the treatment of diabetes. An introductory section considers the background of plant use for diabetes. The bulk of the chapter focuses on selection of species, presenting a review of the literature from 1995 to 2005 in chart format. The authors used five criteria to prioritize the selection of species: traditional use in one or more countries, experimentally determined hypoglycemic activity, lack of detailed information on hypoglycemic constituents, experimental evidence for low toxicity, and botanical abundance. The detailed chart of species lists order/family, species, distribution and area in which traditionally used, the plant part used, and comments about activity. A final section offers a discussion of future directions for research into botanicals for treating diabetes. 1 figure. 1 table. 311 references.
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Preclinical and Clinical Methods for Evaluating Antidiabetic Activity of Plants. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 83-98.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors review the preclinical and clinical methods used for evaluating the antidiabetic activity of plants. They discuss animal models, insulin-dependent and noninsulin-dependent models, models of diabetic complications, tests for antidiabetic activity, the clinical evaluation of antidiabetic plants through clinical trials, and ethical issues. They conclude that, at present, the rigorous procedures for the evaluation of conventional antidiabetes medications have rarely been applied to the testing of raw plant materials and the unrefined principles used as traditional treatments for diabetes. Thus, the less intensive evaluation of plant medicines thus far precludes accurate comparisons between conventional and traditional antidiabetes therapies. 2 figures. 5 tables. 30 references.
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Rational Use of Dietary Supplements, Nutraceuticals, and Functional Foods for the Diabetic and Prediabetic Patient. IN: Brett, E.; Mechanick, J., eds. Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic and Prediabetic Patient. . Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 265-296.
This chapter on the use of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods is from a book written to advance physicians’ knowledge in nutrition as it relates to diabetes and to help them provide evidence-based recommendations to their patients with diabetes. The author notes that the use of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods (DS/N-FF) in clinical medicine has grown enormously, with many of these products targeted to diabetology. The author introduces the idea of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and discusses antidiabetic botanicals, including herbs, ayurveda, the traditional Chinese medical system, culinary botanicals, tea and coffee, wine, and other beverages. The next section discusses minerals, focusing on chromium, vanadium, magnesium, and zinc. This section is followed by a section on vitamin C, coenzyme Q10, glucosamine-chondroitin, and oral amino acids. A final section considers CAM treatments for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. For each treatment, the author assigns a letter grade, based on clinical evidence coupled with subjective assessments of risk and benefit; patients are advised to only use those products with a recommendation grade of A, B, or C. Physicians are encouraged to conduct focused discussions with their patients on the use of DS/N-FF. 11 tables. 296 references.
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Saponins. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 273-292.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors review saponin research of the last decade, focusing on the hypoglycemic effects in experimentally diabetic animals and accelerating effects on glucose uptake in vitro. The authors also review recent studies of the antihyperglycemic effects of triterpene saponins. Most of the research studies reviewed are animal studies. 12 figures. 5 tables. 57 references.
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Traditional Chinese and Kampo Medicines. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 135-150.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors discuss traditional Chinese and Kampo (Japanese) medicine. In traditional Chinese and Japanese medicines, except for urorrhagia and nephropathy, diseases that present with symptoms such as overintake of water due to polyuria and thirst are considered to be diabetes mellitus. The authors describe several representative formulations that have been applied for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The chapter covers the hypoglycemic effect, inhibition of aldose reductase, and anti-Oketsu effect of the crude drugs used in the formulations as found in experimental models. Ten Kampo compounds are discussed, followed by a section on 13 herbs with hypoglycemic effects. Oketsu is blood stagnation or microcirculation difficulties. Kampo medicines are considered to be effective for the improvement of the symptoms associated with diabetes, including polydipsia, polyuria, and neuropathy. 1 table. 85 references.
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Treating Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus from a Western Herbalist’s Perspective. IN: Soumyanath, A., ed. Traditional Medicines for Modern Times: Antidiabetic Plants. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 2006. pp. 151-168.
This chapter is from a textbook on antidiabetic plants, part of a series called Traditional Herbal Medicines for Modern Times. This volume is the first detailed compilation of information from across the world on plants used traditionally to treat diabetes and the scientific methods by which they can be and have been investigated. In this chapter, the authors present a Western herbalist perspective on treating non-insulin-dependent diabetes, also called type 2 diabetes. The authors note that type 2 diabetes responds particularly well to botanical and nutritional therapies and some lifestyle changes, so full health and function may be restored. They discuss the use of traditional Western antidiabetic herbs, including bitters, barberry root bark, milk thistle, bilberry leaf and fruit, aloe vera, juniper, and goat’s rue. The authors consider the treatment of diabetes by modern Western herbs, including gymnema, fenugreek, suma, American ginseng, prickly pear, devil’s club, and queen’s crepe myrtle. Two final sections cover herbs for use in adjunctive therapies, including bilberry fruit, ginkgo biloba, and cayenne; and the roles of nutritional therapies and exercise. The authors conclude that, despite the fact that herbs used for diabetes are less likely to have the drawbacks of conventional drugs, potential adverse herb-drug interactions should be kept in mind for patients also taking conventional medications. 2 tables. 123 references.
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Herbal Remedies in Gastroenterology. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 39(6): 457-468. July 2005.
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is not considered part of conventional medicine. However, an estimated 51 percent of patients with gastrointestinal disorders have tried some form of CAM. Current prevalence rates show that 10 percent of patients with GI disorders are seeking alternative medicines remedies in place of conventional therapy. After prayer or spiritual healing, herbal medicine is the second most common CAM therapy. While herbal products make numerous health-related claims, those that have been systematically evaluated are unfortunately few. The modern gastroenterologist must be up to date with the regulations, side effects, and possible benefits of specific herbal products used in patients with gastrointestinal disorders.
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Herbs That Affect Blood Glucose Levels. Women's Health in Primary Care. 8(7): 325-330. August 2005.
Some herbs can have undesirable and possibly hazardous effects on blood glucose levels in women with diabetes, yet their use is quite common. This article explores adverse drug-herb interactions, focusing on herbs that affect blood glucose levels. The author notes that many herbal products are used at the same time with antidiabetes medications, with or without the knowledge of the patient’s clinicians. Herbs discussed include ginseng, fenugreek, bitter melon, garlic, onion, and plants containing catechin-related compounds (such as green tea). Catechins have an inhibitory activity against glucose transporters in the intestine, thus diminishing the amount of glucose absorbed. The polysaccharides in ginseng can lower blood glucose levels either by decreasing glucose production by the liver or by increasing glucose use by tissues. Components in garlic and onion have been shown to cause a glucose-lowering effect. Bitter melon enhances glucose use by the liver and reduces insulin resistance. The article includes a table of the major herbs that can influence blood glucose levels, along with their possible mechanisms of action; a second table lists the reasons for which women typically use these herbs. Women tend to use herbal products in a greater percentage than do men, so it is important for clinicians to routinely ask female patients with diabetes about the use of botanicals. 1 figure. 2 tables. 62 references.
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Hypnotherapy: A Complementary Therapy with Broad Application. Diabetes Self-Management. 21(5): 15-18. September-October 2004.
Hypnotherapy is a treatment method that makes use of the state of focused attention known as hypnosis. This article describes hypnotherapy and its use as a complementary therapy for a variety of medical and lifestyle issues. In the altered state of consciousness of hypnosis, people may experience lower blood pressure, a decreased heart rate, and slower brain-wave activity; in this state of deep relaxation people find themselves more susceptible to suggestion. The author describes how several techniques may be used with hypnosis to help bring about changes in a person's thinking and behavioral patterns: suggestion, guided imagery, and ideomotor signaling. The author then discusses the possible uses of hypnotherapy for people with diabetes and outlines what one can expect in a hypnotherapy session. The author concludes by reminding readers that the willingness to change is necessary for hypnotherapy to be an effective behavior modification technique. One sidebar lists and briefly describes books and web sites that contain more information about hypnosis.
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Improving Blood Flow to the Feet: The Power of Relaxation and Biofeedback. Diabetes Self-Management. 21(5): 28-31. September-October 2004.
Many people with diabetes experience discomfort in their legs and feet, with symptoms such as cramping, numbness, tingling, and pain. The cause of these symptoms may be poor circulation (peripheral arterial disease or PAD), nerve damage (neuropathy), or both. This article considers the role of relaxation and biofeedback in improving blood flow to the feet, particularly in people with diabetes. The author first describes the most common form of PAD and the development of diabetic neuropathy, then discusses the treatment options, which usually include drug therapy. The author then introduces a simple and inexpensive complementary therapy called WarmFeet. WarmFeet is a guided relaxation and biofeedback method that can increase blood flow to the periphery of the body and relieve pain. The WarmFeet technique includes three components: relaxation, induced by listening to an audiotape program; visualization; and assisted thermal biofeedback (measuring skin temperature at a specific site before and after the relaxation process). The author notes that regular practice of the WarmFeet technique also provides side benefits such as lower blood pressure and improved coping skills, both quite useful for people with diabetes. One section describes research studies that were conducted to test the effectiveness of this biofeedback-assisted relaxation technique.
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